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This is the first volume of the series entitled ''Physics at the Turn of the Millennium.'' This book contains three chapters. The first chapter deals with the fundamentals of a new interdisciplinary scientific direction, physics of open systems, whose origin was associated with the work of outstanding researchers of the nineteenth century. Among them are physicist L. Boltzmann, mathematicians A. Poincaré and A. Lyapunov, and biologist Ch. Darwin. The second chapter covers the physics of solids. This study is of a paramount importance because it allows obtaining information about the structure of matter in living and nonliving nature as well as about materials used in technologies. The third chapter analyzes the branch of physics related to new possibilities of large-scale application of semiconductors in diverse fields of science and technology.
The book is intended for everyone who is interested in the problems of modern physics.

Contents


Preface
Chapter 1.
Physics of open systems

1.1.
Properties of self-organized structures

1.2.
Dynamical systems

1.3.
Determinate chaos

1.4.
Ressler's chaotic attractor

1.5.
Cantor sets

1.6.
Fractals

1.7.
Feigenbaum scenario

Test questions

References
Chapter 2.
Condensed media

2.1.
Self-organized structures in solid states

2.2.
Stochastic resonance

2.3.
Disordered condensed systems


2.3.1.
Long-range order and disorder in condensed media


2.3.2.
Peculiarities of disordered systems structure

2.4.
Quasi-crystals

2.5.
Amorphous metallic materials


2.5.1.
Methods for preparation of amorphous metal alloys


2.5.2.
Structure of amorphous alloys


2.5.3.
Amorphous ferromagnetics


2.5.4.
Practical application of amorphous alloys

2.6.
Diffusion mechanisms in disordered systems


2.6.1.
Methods of computer simulation of disordered systems


2.6.2.
Cooperative mechanism of diffusion


2.6.3.
Activation mechanisms of diffusion


2.6.4.
Local inhomogeneities of amorphous structure

2.7.
Physical properties of manganites

2.8.
Periodic domain structures in electro- and magnetoordered compounds


2.8.1.
Regularities of domain structure formation in ferroelectrics


2.8.2.
Periodic domain structures


2.8.3.
Formation of ferroelectric domains in electric fields


2.8.4.
Ferroelectric PDS in the field of acoustic wave


2.8.5.
Domain structures in magnets

2.9.
Ferroelectrics in nonlinear optics


2.9.1.
Nonlinear optical and acoustic effects in periodic domain structures


2.9.2.
Optically induced domains in PDS in ferroelectrics

2.10.
Controlled transformation of physical properties of materials by ion beams

2.11.
The fundamentals of the laser ablation theory


2.11.1.
Heat model


2.11.2.
Two-temperature model


2.11.3.
Photophysical ablation


2.11.4.
Gas dynamics of three-dimensional expansion of vapor during laser ablation

2.12.
Phases and phase transitions


2.12.1.
Classification of phase transitions


2.12.2.
Critical fluctuation under phase transitions


2.12.3.
The fundamentals of the renormalized group method


2.12.4.
Ordered and phase transitions

Test questions

References
Chapter 3.
Semiconductors

3.1.
Heterosystems of reduced dimension


3.1.1.
Size quantization of electrons energy


3.1.2.
Exciton in low-dimensional structures

3.2.
Physical principles of formation of nanostructures


3.2.1.
The methods of generation of quantum dots


3.2.2.
Practical applications of nanostructures

3.3.
The Ge/Si heterostructure

3.4.
New sources of light on the basis of heterostructures

3.5.
Physical backgrounds of superconducting electronics

3.6.
The mutual interaction of superconductivity and magnetism in ferromagnetic/superconductor heterostructures

3.7.
Quantum Hall effect


3.7.1.
The classical Hall effect


3.7.2.
Two-dimensional electron systems


3.7.3.
Modulated doping


3.7.4.
The integer quantum Hall effect


3.7.5.
The fractional quantum Hall effect

Test questions

References